Difference Between Tardive Dyskinesia And Parkinson’s

Dystonia Vs Dyskinesia In Parkinson’s Disease

• Treatment

Dystonia and dyskinesia are movement problems that commonly occur in Parkinsons disease . You may experience one or both of them, particularly in late-stage PD. Dystonia is muscle stiffening caused by PD, while dyskinesia is a type of muscle twisting caused by some PD medications.

Dystonia and dyskinesia can both cause distress, and they are distinguished from each other based on their visible features. They can be managed with medication or surgery, typically with a moderate improvement of symptoms.

PD is characterized by four primary symptoms:

• Resting tremor
• Postural instability
• Rigidity

While they can fluctuate in severity, the primary symptoms of PD tend to be present most of the time.

Dystonia and dyskinesia are recurrent, abrupt, and short-lived muscle movements. Not everyone who has PD experiences dystonia and dyskinesia. If they do, the symptoms they experience can be telling.

• Affects large muscle groups

• Smooth, repetitive movement often described as a rolling or writing motion

• Can begin suddenly and stop after several minutes

• Not typically painful

• More likely to occur when PD medication effects are at their peak

For example, dystonia can cause your toes to curl, making it difficult to walk. Or it may manifest primarily in your neck muscles, causing your head to turn painfully to one side.

Writers Cramp And Musicians Dystonia

Writers Cramp is a focal dystonia of the finger, hand or forearm in which there is a simultaneous contraction of those muscles while writing or doing specific skilled tasks. Writers cramp may begin after repetitive use and is therefore often considered an occupational dystonia, more commonly experienced by typists, draftsmen, musicians and sportsmen.

When musicians are affected, it is called musicians dystonia . When the muscles involved are around the mouth , it is called embouchure dystonia.

For more information visit the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation www.dystonia-foundation.org.

Tardive Dyskinesia: A Distressing Drug

Tricia A. Meyer, MS, PharmD, FASHPDepartments of Pharmacy and AnesthesiologyTravis E. Belson, CPhTThe Texas A& M Health Science Center College of MedicineTemple, Texas

US Pharm. 2014 39:HS13-HS16.

ABSTRACT: Tardive dyskinesia , a drug-induced movement disorder, is a serious side effect resulting primarily from the prolonged use of dopamine-blocking agents. TD is distressing because this adverse effect is likely to be permanent. Age is a consistent risk factor for TD, and the disorder occurs more frequently in women. Most treatments for TD have not proven to be successful, and therefore the best treatment option is prevention of the disorder. If a drug known to cause TD is prescribed, the clinician should monitor the patient for symptoms. Early detection may improve the likelihood of remission.

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Using Catecholomethyl Transferase Inhibitors

The inhibitors of the enzyme catecholOmethyl transferase extend the halflife of levodopa. Entacapone and tolcapone are two such agents used in clinical practice. Tolcapone has been associated with significant hepatotoxicity, necessitating regular monitoring of liver function tests. In an animal study using rats, coadministration of entacapone with levodopa attenuated all kinds of dyskinesia when compared to levodopa monotherapy. Stalevo , a commercially available formulation, combines levodopa, dopadecarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa and entacapone in a single tablet. It is hoped that early use of Stalevo might reduce the incidence of dyskinesia.

Is There A Blood Test For Dystonia

dystoniaBloodteststestsSymptoms of dystoniaDystoniasymptoms of dystoniaSome early symptoms include:

• Involuntary pulling of the neck.
• Uncontrollable blinking.

Other drugs that can cause TD include:

• Metoclopramide
• Antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline, fluoxetine, phenelzine, sertraline, trazodone.
• Antiparkinson drugs such as levodopa.
• Antiseizure drugs such as phenobarbital and phenytoin.

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What Is Tardive Dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is a drug-induced movement disorder. Taking specific medications, often for a mental health disorder, can cause it.

Tardive dyskinesia causes involuntary facial tics . It can also cause uncontrollable movements like lip-smacking.

Tardive means delayed or late. Dyskinesia refers to involuntary muscle movements. With this condition, theres a delay between when you start a medicine and when you develop dyskinesia. Most people take a medicine for years before developing the disorder.

Current Therapeutic Strategies For Td In Older Patients

The first step in developing the optimal treatment strategy for TD is timely diagnosis, which requires the clinician to be routinely vigilant.67 Diagnosis is based on history of exposure to DRBAs, and a minimum duration of only 1 month of AP exposure is required to diagnose TD in individuals aged 60 years, compared with 3 months in younger adults.2,7,60

An early strategy to mitigate TD symptoms involves modification of the existing AP medication regimen if clinically feasible.68 However, success with this approach is often limited.23,68,69 Two vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors, valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, have been approved by the US FDA to treat TD.68,70,71 Recent guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia recommend VMAT2 inhibitors as first-line therapy for patients who have moderate to severe or disabling TD or for patients with mild TD on the basis of such factors as patient preference, associated impairment, or effect on psychosocial functioning.72 In two recent studies of subjects aged 55 years who had participated in clinical trials conducted by the manufacturer, Sajatovic et al demonstrated that valbenazine and deutetrabenazine (mean age: 63.1 years, range: 5581 years are well tolerated in older individuals.73,74 Of note, VMAT2 inhibition manages the symptoms of TD but does not cure them dyskinetic movements generally return when the VMAT2 inhibitor is discontinued.75

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Approach To Psychogenic Movement Disorders

Patients with psychogenic movement disorders, somatoform disorder, somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, hysteria, conversion disorder, malingering, Munchausen syndrome, and factitious disorders usually have manifestations that rule out TD. Nevertheless, clinicians may be tempted to consider treatment for possible TD in people who have psychiatric and psychological problems. The desire of the clinician to offer a therapeutic intervention may be intensified by the requests and demands of patients for surgery and other help.

Prudent clinicians must exercise extreme caution to avoid providing pharmacologic and surgical treatments to patients with psychogenic movement disorders. These patients are likely to experience extreme adverse effects and no beneficial effects from such treatments. In particular, surgery, including psychosurgery, is contraindicated for psychogenic movement disorders.

A tactful suggestion that stress may be contributing to the symptoms is appropriate. Typically, people who manifest psychogenic movement disorders have recently had life experiences that are stressful. The life stresses can be both positive, such as a promotion, and negative, such as the death of a loved one. Psychotherapy may then provide a more effective means of expressing the psychological distress often associated with psychogenic movement disorders. Referral to mental health professionals should always be considered.

What Is The Difference Between Dystonia And Tardive Dyskinesia

Dystonia is defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. Tardive dyskinesia , estimated to occur in 30% of patients treated with neuroleptics, encompasses a broad spectrum of hyperkinesias associated with exposure to these drugs.

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Akinesia / Bradykinesia / Hypokinesia

Akinesia means absence of movement. Bradykinesia means slowness of movement. Hypokinesia means decreased amplitude or range of movement. These three terms are commonly grouped together and referred to as bradykinesia. Bradykinesia is a prominent feature of parkinsonism and is mild in early disease stages but becomes more severe in advanced stages of parkinsonism.

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What Are Parkinsons Tremors

A tremor is a rhythmic, back-and-forth movement, says Dr. Herrington. While most tremors tend to occur in the hand, he says that they can also involve other parts of the body, including the thumbs, arms, legs, or head.

Tremors also tend to occur when a person isnt otherwise moving, or is at rest. We call that a resting tremor, says Herrington. In such a case, the tremor isnt as pronounced when the person is using the body part affected by the tremor. However, Herrington says, when the hand comes to rest . . . the tremor emerges.

Tremors are usually more prominent when Parkinsons medications are wearing off, he says. During an off time for example, if a person has stopped taking their medicine they can be slow and stiff or stooped over. When they walk, says Herrington, theyll take very short steps. Theyre moving less, and theyre moving small.

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Summary Akinesia Vs Dyskinesia

In akinesia, the loss of voluntary muscle movement is seen, while in dyskinesia, uncontrollable muscle movement can be seen. Causes for akinesia include Parkinsons disease, medication-induced Parkinson-like symptoms, progressive supra nuclear palsy, and hormone level fluctuations. Symptoms related to akinesia include difficulty starting to walk out or move, muscle rigidity in the neck, legs, and face, and inability to move the feet properly. Symptoms of dyskinesia include fidgeting, wriggling, bobbling of the head, swaying of the body, restlessness, and twitching. While both are symptoms that occur due to Parkinsons disease, various treatment mechanisms are available to cure the symptoms. So, this summarizes the difference between akinesia and dyskinesia.

Reference:

2. Wells, Diana. Dyskinesia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. Healthline, Healthline Media.

Image Courtesy:

1. Blausen 0704 ParkinsonsDisease By Blausen.com staff . Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 . DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. Own work via Commons Wikimedia

What Is The Difference Between Dyskinesia And Tardive Dyskinesia

4.8/5tardivedyskinesiaTardive dyskinesiaabout it here

Dystonia is muscle stiffening caused by PD, while dyskinesia is a type of muscle twisting caused by some PD medications. Dystonia and dyskinesia can both cause distress, and they are distinguished from each other based on their visible features.

Similarly, what can cause dyskinesia? Share on Pinterest The most common cause of dyskinesia is damage or injury to the brain. Involuntary movement is the chief symptom of dyskinesia. Symptoms worsen gradually over time, although they can develop suddenly or intensify following brain damage or injury.

Correspondingly, what are the symptoms of dyskinesia?

The symptoms include tremors and writhing movements of the body and limbs, and abnormal movements in the face, mouth, and tongue including involuntary lip smacking, repetitive pouting of the lips, and tongue protrusions.

What is facial dyskinesia?

Orofacial or tardive dyskinesias are involuntary repetitive movements of the mouth and face. In most cases, they occur in older psychotic patients who are in institutions and in whom long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs of the phenothiazine and butyrophenone groups is being carried out.

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What Causes Dyskinesia And Dystonia

Dyskinesia is a common side effect of the Parkinsons drug levodopa. This drug is used to help increase the level of dopamine in the brain, alleviating symptoms of the disease. However, levodopa is taken intermittently throughout the day, causing dopamine levels to rise and fall over time. These fluctuations are thought to be the cause of dyskinesia. There are two types of dyskinesia:

• Peak-dose dyskinesia, which occurs when the level of levodopa is at its highest
• Diphasic dyskinesia, which occurs when levels of levodopa are rising or falling

While dystonia can be a symptom of Parkinsons disease itself, it can also be caused by levodopa treatment, similar to dyskinesia. Dystonia symptoms occur when there is a decrease in brain dopamine levels, which can occur before medication is taken in the mornings or as it is wearing off during the day. This off and on dystonia can be addressed by taking an extended-release form of levodopa or by increasing the number of doses taken per day.

Dystonic dyskinesia can occur when the movements caused by levodopa are more sustained and twisting than in typical dyskinesia. When this occurs, it is important to determine the cause whether the movement occurs at peak-dose levels of dopamine or it is off and on dystonia.

Learn more about dopamine and Parkinsons disease.

Paroxysmal Dyskinesias And Exercise

Interestingly, in contrast to LID, only physical activities such as domestic activities in patients with PED can activate dyskinesias, a rarer and less well-documented group. Many studies of genetic studies have been carried out to understand the pathophysiology of the attacks. In summary, the attacks are triggered by prolonged exercise like walking or running characterized by attacks of dystonia and chorea, typically lasting for 5-30 min1414. Meneret A, Roze E. Paroxysmal movement disorders: An update. Rev Neurol. . 2016 :433-45.. The attacks often start in the body part involved in the activity and last for 10-15 min after stopping the exercise. PED made walking impossible and caused falls in some of the patients. Some patients were able to stand despite the PED, or walk with difficulty, but most patients had to sit down until the movements subsided. A summary of the studies is shown in Table 3.

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Are Tremors Or Dyskinesias Painful

Tremors are almost never painful, says Herrington. And unless the dyskinesias are very severe, they also hardly ever cause pain.

However, Herrington says that when a persons medication wears off, the person can experience a condition called dystonia, which is related to dyskinesia. Dystonia is a potentially painful, cramping condition that can occur in the face, arms, or legs and can be very uncomfortable.

Knowing The Difference Can Make A Difference

TD and drug-induced parkinsonism are 2 entirely different movement disorders in terms of time of onset after exposure to DRBAs, the pattern and type of movements, the body distribution of the movements, the reversibility of the movements, and the pathophysiology underlying each disorder. It is vital that clinicians recognize what type of movement the patient is manifesting because the goal of treatment of drug-induced parkinsonism is to increase dopamine activity, whereas the goal of treatment of TD is to dopamine activity.

Each condition requires its own unique management. Drug-induced parkinsonism is a hypodopaminergic state, while TD is a hyperdopaminergic state. Anticholinergic agents are used for drug-induced parkinsonism because they may increase dopaminergic activity and help reverse the hypodopaminergic state o drug-induced parkinsonism. However, if anticholinergic agents are used in TD, they may further exacerbate the hyperdopaminergic staterather than help it.

Henry Nasrallah, MD

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Measuring Tardive Dyskinesia Against Drug Induced Parkinsonism

The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and drug-induced parkinsonism can be remarkably similar, but an accurate diagnosis is critical when treatment for one condition may worsen the other.

Kristen M. Ward, PharmD

An accurate diagnosis for patients with either drug-induced parkinsonism or tardive dyskinesia is imperative and can minimize the impact of the symptoms on the patients quality of life, according to a new review of movement related disorders.

Researcher duo Kristen M. Ward, PharmD, and Leslie Citrome, MD, MPH, conducted a literature review of articles published as of the spring of 2018 that related to the presentation, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and management of DIP and TD. The pair found that there was sparse primary literature that supported the use of most medications for treatment of DIP and TD, except for valbenazine and deutetrabenazine.

The study authors wrote that while both DIP and TD are stigmatizing movement disorders associated with exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents such as antipsychotics they differ in their pathophysiology and clinical management.

The differences in treatment are immensely important, they said, because treatment for one may worsen the other. The treatments are different for DIP and TD and rely on accurate diagnoses.

Leslie Citrome, MD, MPH

The study authors noted that it is possible for patients to have both DIP and TD DIP usually precedes TD. This is not currently understood clearly.

How Are Tremors And Dyskinesia Treated

We treat these two kinds of movements very differently, says Herrington. Dyskinesias are usually a problem of too much dopamine medication , and tremors are sometimes a problem of not quite enough.

Its therefore important for a neurologist to be able to tell the difference between the two symptoms, he says, and to adjust the medications accordingly.

Herrington points out that not all people are similarly bothered by tremors or dyskinesia. Take tremors, for example. There are some people who have a very small tremor and it bothers them immensely, he says. Other people have quite a substantial tremor and really dont seem to care about it very much.

When it comes to treating Parkinsons-related tremors, doctors may start out by asking people how much the symptom bothers them. As a physician, you can categorize which symptoms people have or the level of severity, says Herrington, but its always really important to ask the person what bothers them. The most objectively severe symptom may not be the one that bothers them the most.

As for dyskinesia, some people dont notice it at all, he says. there is often a divergence between how much they notice and are bothered by it and how much their loved ones notice and are bothered by it.

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Want More Practical Articles Like This

Much more can be found in our Every Victory Counts® manual. Its packed with up-to-date information about everything Parkinsons, plus an expanded worksheets and resources section to help you put what youve learned into action. Request your free copy of the Every Victory Counts manual by clicking the button below.

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This post was written by the Davis Phinney Foundation. This blog series is sponsored by Adamas Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Tardive Dyskinesia And Exercise

The pattern of dyskinesia is essential for differentiating the functional impact of this disease. Truncal TD, for example, affects gait and posture and exerts its detrimental effect quite broadly by interfering with their ADLs that require standing or moving, such as grooming, dressing, toileting, bathing, ambulating, and transport. In contrast, orofacial TD would not have a significant impact on these tasks but would perhaps affect speech, which is required for effective interpersonal interactions or getting and keeping a job4848. Strassnig M, Rosenfeld A, Harvey PD. Tardive dyskinesia: motor system impairments, cognition and everyday functioning. CNS Spectr. 2018:370-7.. Orofacial dyskinesia is more frequently type founded in animal models induced by reserpine.

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